Physics
Natural Sciences
The deepest layer of natural law — matter, energy, space, and time, and the symmetries that govern them.
Notes
Electromagnetism
Electric and magnetic fields, charges, currents, induction, and electromagnetic waves
Fluid Mechanics
Pressure, density, viscosity, flow regimes, Bernoulli's principle, and the Navier-Stokes equations governing fluid motion
General Relativity
Spacetime curvature as the origin of gravity; geodesics, black holes, gravitational waves, and the large-scale structure of the universe.
Newtonian Mechanics
Classical mechanics of particles and rigid bodies: forces, motion, energy, momentum, frames, and the deterministic laws governing macroscopic dynamics.
Optics
Light as rays and waves: reflection, refraction, interference, diffraction, polarization, and the design of optical instruments and systems
Quantum Mechanics
Wave functions, superposition, uncertainty, quantization, and the probabilistic description of particles and fields at the smallest scales
Thermodynamics
Heat, energy, entropy, work, and the fundamental limits on transformations of matter and energy
Wave Mechanics
Oscillations, traveling and standing waves, superposition, resonance, Fourier analysis, and the wave equation across mechanical, acoustic, electromagnetic, and quantum domains